ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN

3.1.1 Discuss the distribution of power concerning the 1973 Constitution (Defense, foreign policy, finance, health, sanitation, education and tourism);

According to the 1973 constitution, the following are distributed as:

1. Defence of the country either in peace or war comes under the federal government: is comprised of all the armed forces, land, water and air would be raised and maintained by the federation, and the country's apex intelligence agencies, espionage or investigative would be maintained by the federal government. 
2. External Affairs/Foreign policy; The implementation of treaties and agreements, including educational, cultural pacts, Trade and agreements, with other countries even extradition, including the surrender of criminals and accused persons to Governments outside Pakistan will be maintained by the foreign office of the federal capital.
3. Finance; The Ministry of Finance in federal capital would devise Fiscal policy, Annual financial planning, Budgeting and Tax accumulation policies. Each province shall have a finance department to deal with the provincial budget and other financial planning.
4. Health: The health ministry would work in the federal capital and all other provinces have separate Health departments to deal with health-related organizations and departments.
5. Sanitation: The capital Territory Board, Cantonment Board, and Municipal Board are the department that works for the health and sanitation sector.
6. Education: Like Health, every province has an education ministry that deals with the education sector.
7. Tourism: Every province has a culture and tourism department whereas the federation has a federal ministry of Tourism.

Explain the concept of government and its components?

Government is an element of the State, so important that the State is dependent on it for the formulation and expression of its will. A government is a system to govern a state or community by a group of people.
There are three components of the Government, those are;

• The Executive. (The enforcer of law made or enacted by the legislature, also having authority to adjourn or dissolve the legislature).
• The legislative. (The legislature makes law, amends and replaces old laws. It controls, supervises and scrutinizes the administration or activities of the executive and makes policies)
• The Judiciary. (A branch of the government concerned with the administration of justice)

Functions of the Federal Government.

The basic functions of the Federal Government are:

1. To establish integrity among the states or provinces.
2. Implementation of law & order within the state.
3. Establishment of better foreign relations.
4. Enhance international trade.
5. Fair division of resources among the states.
6. Preparation of Annual Budget.
7. Strengthening the defence of the country.
8. A free, fair and transparent system of elections.
9. Protection of its citizens from internal and external threats.
10. Eliminate conspiracies against the state.

List the major Subjects working under the authority of the federal government. ( Defense, foreign policy & finance)?

1. Cabinet Secretariat
2. Ministry of Climate Change
3. Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry
4. Ministry of Communications
5. Ministry of Defense
6. Ministry of Energy
7. Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training
8. Ministry of Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs
9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

List the major institutions working under the provincial government?

1. Health.
2. Education.
3. Police.
4. Development Authorities.
5. Aukaf & Zakat.
6. culture and Heritage.

List the major subjects working under the authority of the provincial government?

1. Board of Revenue.
2. Works & Services.
3. Excise Taxation & Narcotics department.
4. Culture & Tourism department.
5. Religious affairs.
6. Home department.
7. Kachhi Abadi.
8. Irrigation.
9. Industries & Commerce.
10. Livestock & Fisheries Department.

Concept of Good Governance:

Obstacles in the implementation of good governance in Pakistan.
The following are the obstacles that obstruct the process of good governance:

1. Political Instability.
2. Poor Economy.
3. Lack of Management.
4. Poor performance.
5. Corruption.
6. Pre-poll rigging.
7. Military Intervention.
8. Feudalism.
9. Incompetent Leadership.
10. Poor Education system.

Remedies to overcome these obstacles.

There should be a balance between all the institutions of the country. All institutions must work within the boundaries of their limit. It will ensure the proper functioning of the governmental machinery.

The centre and the federating units must develop good relationships. All the thorny issues between them are resolved with the sincerity of purpose. Grievances of the provinces must be readdressed on a priority basis.
Equal distribution of natural resources is ensured. Provinces must be given rights and due share over their natural resources.
Justice is indispensable to good governance. Access to cheap and quick justice is made possible for everyone. Dispensation of justice must be irrespective of class, creed and religion.
Economic policies are revised. They must be reformed to meet the demands of the poor masses. Agricultural and industrial sectors must be revolutionized to attract investment and boost the economy.
Cutting off extra expenditures by downsizing the administrative setup is the dire need of the hour. It would be greatly helpful in reducing the debt burden on our country.
All the institutions responsible for maintaining accountability are authorized. The legislation is enacted to improve accountability. It must be started from the top. Everyone, no matter how powerful is he, must be brought to book.
Anti-corruption courts are established. All the cases of corruption are decided on a priority basis to check the wheel of corruption.
Media be made free. Freedom of media is the real essence of good governance. Media is called the fourth pillar of the state and is instrumental in ensuring good governance.

Islamic Perspective of Good Governance.

In the Islamic concept of good governance, those in authority behave with restraint and avoid abuse of power. They act within the parameters of the law and take upon themselves the country’s concerns and hardships. They remain impersonal in the discharge of their duties and patient in front of critics. A shining example of this can be found when the Holy Prophet (PBUH) became head of the state of Madina and exemplified good governance through his acts. He created a bond of brotherhood among the Muslim citizens, concluded agreements with non-Muslims and remained concerned about their welfare. He upheld The Islamic value system in which justice remains central. He declared that all humans are the offspring of Adam and that there is no difference between Arab and non-Arab (Ajam). Islam is a religion that guides us in all aspects of human life. Our value system originates mainly from the Holy Quran and our progress is forever dependent on its application. We find several Quranic injunctions considered to contain the essentials of good governance.

Give examples of Good governance concerning the Khalifa-e rashdeen?
Hazrat Abu Bakar R.A. was the first caliph of Islam. He finished the revolt of the tribes and brought them into the sphere of Islam. Though he spent very little time he established a strong central government and expansion of Islam in Iraq and Syria.
Hazrat Umer R.A‘s was a milestone for the expansion of Islam. Following are the contributions that he made during his period

1. Establishment of Public Treasury
2. Establishments of courts of Justice and appointment of Judges
3. Placing the reserve army on the state’s Payroll and organization of the War department
4. Establishment of Postal service
5. Establishment of the Land Revenue department
6. Survey and assessment of lands
7. Public census.
8. Punishment of those who practice Monopoly by exile to different lands.
9. Establishment of and use of Jails
10. Building of Canals and Bridges
11. Islamic state Established by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) AND Hazrat Umar RA.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) became head of the state of Madina and exemplified good governance through his acts. He created a bond of brotherhood among the Muslim citizens, concluded agreements with non-Muslims and remained concerned about their welfare. He upheld the Islamic value system in which justice remains central. He declared that all humans are the offspring of Adam and that there is no difference between Arab and non-Arab (Ajam).

Hazrat Umer R.A. introduced a modernised system of government that is still prevailing. He used to visit the local people and find out their sufferings and resolve them, people were shocked to see their caliph helping them in their difficult times. Being a caliph he set up an example for the leaders of all times that no matter who so ever be the leader he is a servant of the people.

Explain the concept of Local self-government.

Local government would mean the government in which the power is decentralized or the powers are transferred to the local people.

Comparison of local bodies system during Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq & Musharraf Era?

Local government is an organization or a group of such people who are elected by the citizens and run a district, town or region at the local level. In Pakistan first local body election was introduced by Ayub Khan in 1959. The first step of decentralizing government was initiated and local people were given the power to run government at the local level.

Later on, In 1979 General Zia announced a new local government structure; he adopted such policies which were appropriate for rural development. The local body government system was established with free and fair elections. There were tehsil councils and Markaz councils in rural areas whereas in urban areas there were municipal corporations, municipal committees and Town committees. The age of the voter must be 21 years to cast a vote, the tenure of the elected members was four years and they had to elect a chairman and vice-chairman among themselves.

On 14th August 2001 in all four provinces with the motive to transfer power from central government to grassroots level, local bodies system was initiated by General Musharraf. The local bodies system was divided into four categories, The District or Zila Nazim, Tehsil or Town Nazim, Union councils and villages. The age of the voter was defined as 18 years. This Nazim was to work under DCO and Every DCO will have to report directly to the elected representatives and then to the Chief Ministers. The Musharraf government did not provide constitutional protection to the Local government.

Analyse The System of Local Bodies ( Merits & Demerits)?

Advantages:
1. Grassroots level government.

2. Address problems at the local level.

3. Participation of local leadership.

4. Opportunity for locals to compete in state or regional politics.

5. Awareness of the local-level problems.

Disadvantages:
1. Regionalism overtakes Nationalism.
2. Check & Balance is difficult.
3. More Budgets are required.
4. Local-level politics.
5. Assurance of Transparency is difficult.

Also, Read Other Pakistan Studies Topics:

• Pakistan's Ideology and Its Historical Background
• Administrative Structure Of Pakistan
• Culture Of Pakistan
• Constitutional Development in Pakistan
• National Integration and Prosperity
• Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Economic Planning and Development in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Boundary Commission or Radcliff Award